Yoga
March 10, 2012The yoga (the Sanskrit Ioga ) refers to traditional physical and mental discipline that originated in India . The word is associated with practices of meditation in Hinduism , the Buddhism and Jainism .
According to its practitioners, yoga gives the following results:
the union of individual soul with God , among those with a religious position devotional type;
the perception that the ego is spiritual and not material, between those who have a position spiritualist ;
the physical and mental, between those who have a position rationalist ( atheist or agnostic ). 1
The Spanish word “yoga” comes from the Sanskrit Ioga , which in turn comes from the verb iush ( yuj in AITS ): ‘put the yoke [two oxen, to join them], concentrate the mind, absorbed in meditation, remember, join, connect, give, and so on. ‘. The verb iush root is the same Indo-European of Spanish terms ” yoke “and” marriage . ”
History
Photograph reproduced in the book Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization (John Marshall, London, 1931), showing a seal of the Indus Valley civilization . In this confusing picture, Marshall thought he saw a meditating yogi sitting.
Because the lack of chronology Sanskrit texts, it is unknown exactly when the inhabitants of the Indian subcontinent began to perform this type of meditation physical postures.
The British archaeologist Sir John Marshall discovered in Mohenjo-Daro ( Pakistan ) a seal with figures, datable to the seventeenth century. C. , the Indus Valley culture . In 1931 he published his interpretation, 2 imagining a creature called anthropomorphic horned into a sitting position with legs crossed. Marshall developed three scenarios that are not yet confirmed: 3
being granted would be the god Shiva , hence the label named Marshall ” Pasupati “(‘Beastmaster’, another name of Hindu god Shiva);
being would be practicing a yoga posture;
Yoga therefore would have at least 35 centuries old.
Some other Western writers, including the historian of religions Mircea Eliade (1907-1986), and G. Feurstein- 4 believed that this proposal was sufficient proof that the Indus culture was known yoga.
In contrast, Hindus claim that yoga is eternal ( I added ‘no beginning’) and has always existed.
In Hinduism, it counts as one of six orthodox doctrines. [ citation needed ]
These doctrines (and their respective founders or key historical references) are:
yoga (of Patanjali ).
Vedanta (of Vyasa ).
Sdnkhya (of Kapila ).
purva mimansa (of Yaimini ).
niaia (of Gotama ).
Vaisheshika (of Kanada ).
Types of Yoga
Sculpture of the Great Buddha of Kamakura ( Japan ), in meditation posture.
A sadhu ( ascetic Hindu) as a lithographs of the book Illustrations of hindous them . Paris: F. B. H. et Solvyns Nicolle. By the year 1812.
The types of yoga that are considered essential are: [ citation needed ]
raja yoga (usually identified with Ashtanga yoga ) 5
jñāna yoga
karma yoga
The designations bhakti yoga and hatha yoga or branches do not correspond to fundamental ways of classical yoga. The hatha yoga is a part of Raja Yoga .
Raya yoga
Main article: Raya yoga
The Raja-Yoga (lit. ‘royal yoga’ where rasha : ‘King’),
Usually identify the Raja-Yoga with ashtanga yoga described by Patanjali .
Eight steps
Main article: Ashtanga Yoga
The Sanskrit text Yoga-sutra (“Aphorisms of Yoga ‘) of Patanjali (probably the third century BC. ) prescribes adherence to eight precepts that constitute what is called Ashta-anga yoga , the ‘yoga of the eight members’ (being ashta: ‘eight’ and Anga: ‘member’). In this text, Patanjali compiled and systematized knowledge about these techniques.
These “eight members” are:
iama (‘bans’):
ahimsa (‘non-violence’, sensitivity toward others).
Satia (‘truth’, no lie).
asteia (‘do not steal’).
Brahmacharia (‘Brahmanical behavior’, although in practice meant celibacy and study of the Vedas )
aparigraja (‘no stick’ at home, etc..).
niiama (‘precepts’):
shaucha (‘clean’ physical and mental)
santosha (‘complete satisfaction’).
tapas (discipline, ‘consumed by the heat’).
suadhiaia (“recite [the Vedas in a low voice] for himself ‘).
íshuara pranidhana (‘offered to the driver [God]‘)
asana (‘posture’): the spine should be kept upright and stable body in a comfortable position for meditation. The hatha yoga focuses on this member.
Pranayama (“breath control”; prana: mystical energy in the air breathed, and yama: ‘control’)
pratiajara (‘big eater’, sense control, prati: ‘bit’; ahara: ‘eat involves the withdrawal of the senses from external objects).
dharana (‘support’; dhara: ‘hold’, involves concentrating the mind on one thought).
Dhydna (‘meditation’).
samadhi (‘complete absorption’).
Jnana yoga
Main article: Jnana Yoga
The Jnana (“knowledge”) applies to both sacred and secular contexts. Linked with the term “yoga” can refer to learning or conceptual knowledge, and the highest wisdom, intuitive insight or gnosis , ie a kind of liberating knowledge or intuition. Occasionally, Jnana even equated with the ultimate Reality.
Karma Yoga
Main article: Karma Yoga
The karma yoga , “yoga of action ‘or rather’ yoga of service ‘is the complete dedication of the activities, words and mind to God. The karma yoga is the activity for good. According to Hinduism , good works (good karma ) did not lead to God, but a subsequent reincarnation into better living conditions, while the sinful activities (bad karma ) lead to reincarnation in the worst living conditions. The karma yoga produces no material reactions, but it frees the soul and allows, at the time of death, back to God.
Other names associated with yoga
Sarva-anga-asana (‘posture of all members’, the position of the candle, or reverse position in hatha yoga .
A yoga class at Texas (USA).
The following schools should not be identified as critical in yoga:
Hatha Yoga
Main article: Hatha yoga
The hatha yoga is the yoga most widely used worldwide, and is known for its asanas (or body positions). This is a system of physical postures aimed at achieving the body is suitable for meditation. The asanas generate physical and mental serenity, so that a devout yogi can sit for hours in a meditation posture without straining or concerns. One of its main asanas is Padmāsana (or ‘lotus position’) and ‘ sun salutation ‘ (Surya Namaskar) .
Currently, the hatha yoga emphasizes relaxation.
Bhakti Yoga
Main article: Bhakti Yoga
The bhakti yoga is the yoga devotional . The difference with the karma yoga is very subtle: although both types of practitioners devote their activities to the Absolute, the practitioners of devotion (bhaktas) are interested in a more esoteric nature of God (in his personality as Krishna ) and activities, from Puranic scriptures , especially the Bhagavata-purana (eleventh century AD.).
The bhakti yoga was popularized in the 1970′s by the movement Hare Krishna .
Ashtanga yoga viniasa
Main article: Ashtanga yoga viniasa
The ashtanga yoga viniasa yoga is a system based on the text Yoga Korunta . Sri T. Nama Krishna Acharya wrote that he had learned (oral) of his guru Rama Mojan Brahmachari in the early twentieth century. Nama Krishna Acharya then taught it to his disciples, Indra Devi , BKS Iyengar , Sri Pattabhi Jois and T. K. V. Desikachar , his son. These teachers would spread in the West. Sri K. Pattabhi Jois, who teaches at present this system in India, learned this type of yoga Nama Krishna Acharya, who studied since 1927 .
This school of yoga seeks to incorporate the traditional eight limbs of yoga (known as Ashtanga Yoga ) as expounded by Patanjali in his Yoga-sutras . Emphasizes viniasa (breath synchronized movement) through a stepwise series of postures with specific breathing ( Pranayama uyáii ) .
According to its adherents, this practice produces internal heat and heavy sweating. This heat purifies muscles and organs, removes toxins and allows the body to be reconstituted. This method requires a lot of elasticity and strength, and is recommended for those wishing to lose weight and increase strength and elasticity.
Kriya Yoga
Majashaia Lajiri sitting in lotus position. Picture taken from the book Autobiography of a Yogi , of Paramahamsa Yogananda .
Main article: Kriya Yoga
According to the Bhagavata Purana (4.13.3), the Yoga-sutra (2.1) and kriya yoga sara (a section of the Padma-purana ), the kriiá-yoga is the practice of yoga, a type of active devotion: union with divinity through proper practice of daily duties.
The kria yoga was popularized in the West by Paramahansa Yogananda in his book Autobiography of a Yogi . According to him, yoga kriiá accelerates spiritual evolution and generates a deep state of tranquility. The techniques of yoga kriiá were popularized by the yogi Lajiri Majashaia]]. It would be a mystical form of Pranayama , or control of respiratory energy.
The Sanskrit word kriiá means:
action, conduct, occupation, business, work, work (according to Katiaiana-shrauta-sutra and the Laws of Manu ).
physical action, ejercitamiento members (according to lexicographers as Amarasimja and Jemachandra).
judicial investigation (by human means, as witnesses, documents, etc.) or by means superhuman
expiation of guilt
action (like the general idea can be expressed by a verb).
verb. According to the grammarians there are two types of verbs: sakarma-kriiá (‘active’) and akarma-kriiá (‘intransitive’).
sacrifice, religious rite
religious activity, the daughter of Kardama and wife of Dharma
However, according to the word Yogananda kriiá means ‘clean’ (whether it be physical or mental), one that helps eliminate kleshas (impurities) that plague the actions of their followers.
According to the teachings of yoga, kleshas are:
Avidia : ignorance
asmita : selfishness
raga : desire
duesha : hatred
abhinivesha : tenacity of mundane existence.
Through the calm breathing of Kriya Yoga heartbeats are stilled. As a result, the vital energy is disconnected from the five senses and the mind becomes conscious then the state pratiajara , that is, withdrawal of senses from external objects (being prati , ‘little’ and ajara ‘eat’).
Kundalini yoga
Main article: Kundalini Yoga
Yogi in lotus position practicing breathing Pranayama .
It was introduced in the West in the seventies by Yogi Bhajan . The kundalini yoga includes asanas (postures), Pranayama (breath control), chanting mantras , mudras (ritual gestures) and kriyas (exercises). 6
The postures are simple and accompanied by a dynamic breathing, known as “breath of fire.” Physically demanding and requires little practice creates peace of mind and vitality.
The kundalini yoga emphasizes:
The slow movement.
Mental concentration in the movement.
Deep breathing during practice.
The total immobility posture maintained.
The relaxation during and after each exercise.
Modern Schools
Other types of yoga created in the second half of the twentieth century (presented in alphabetical order):
Mimansa yoga .
Natha Yoga (‘yoga of dance’, therapeutic yoga, a system that integrates several methods of yoga, pointing to education).
Purna Yoga (‘yoga full’ modern synthesis of various methods of yoga).
Sajaya yoga is a yoga created in 1970 by Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi, whose objective is the development of the human being or, which is the same, get the full consciousness of the true spiritual self. To reach this goal is necessary to awaken an energy that resides in our sacrum , known to Hindus by the name of Kundalini. With the method proposed by the Sajaya-yoga, this awakening occurs spontaneously and naturally, without forcing anything at any time.
Sarva Yoga (‘yoga of all’ modern integration of hatha yoga and bhakti yoga ).
SwáSthya Yôga is the name of the school founded by the Brazilian master DeRose in the twentieth century . According to the author, suasthia-yoga is the codification and systematization of a strictly practical kind of yoga, pre-classical, pre- Vedic and pre- Aryan , lineage tantra – samkhia (therefore matriarchal sensory desrepresor, naturalist and technical) . His name would be scholar -dakshina-achara tantrika-niríshwara-samkhia-yoga (tantric yoga atheist). According to his followers, the suasthia yoga is the systematization of the original and oldest yoga. Consider the classical yoga (Patanjali) is a later form. 7
The tantra is not considered a type of yoga [ citation needed ] (although some call it tantra yoga ), but that is another Hindu doctrine.
Doctrines of Yoga
Provisions to establish the foundations of yoga are the Bhagavad Gita- , the Yoga-sutras (of Patanjali ), the Gueranda-samjitá , the Yoga-darshana-Upanishads and Yoga-Pradipika Jatha .
According to the doctrines Hindus in which sits the yoga, the human being is a soul ( yivatman ) enclosed in a body (rupa) . The body has several parts: the physical body ( left or sharira ), mind (mana) , intelligence (GNA) and false ego ( ajankara ) .
To lead a full life, it must meet three needs: physical needs (health and activity), the psychological need (knowledge and power) and spiritual needs (happiness and peace). When all three are present, there is harmony. Yoga is a practical wisdom that encompasses every aspect of being a person. Teaches the individual to evolve by developing self-discipline. Yoga is also defined as the restriction of emotions, which are seen as mere fluctuations (Vritti) of the mind. Followers of Hinduism distinguish between the soul (impassive, emotions) and mind (always fluctuating and full of anxieties ).
According to some, yoga provides the means to understand the workings of the mind, or even be the art of studying the behavior of the mind. But others say that yoga does not study anything, it is not an intellectual effort, but a mystical experience, which among other things helps to calm the incessant movements of the mind, leading to an undisturbed state of mental silence. The Vaisnavas (worshipers of Vishnu ) deny this concept, and they say you can not silence the mind, but it should occupy in spiritual activities (offered to God), which simultaneously satisfy the anxiety of it and purify of material desires.
Yoga is thus the art and science of mental discipline by which the mind grows and matures. There is a science in the Western sense of the word. Hindus use the concept of science because they know that the more rationalistic Western world science is well conceptualized.
Yoga seeks to reach the integration of soul ( Jiva-atman ) individually with God ( Brahman ) or your deity (avatar) . This re-union is called samadhi , through which you access the liberation ( moksha ) .
Basic texts of yoga
“Bhagavad Gita”
Main article: Bhagavad-Gita
In the Bhagavad Gita, (‘the song of the Opulent’), the god Krishna (also called Bhagavan) provides an extremely brief four main branches of yoga (in order of importance, according to scholars of the Bhagavad Gita- ):
The ashtanga-yoga (or ‘yoga of the eight steps’, with practice of asanas or postures).
The Jnana-yoga (or intellectual pursuit of the Absolute, through the study of logic and meditation)
The karma-yoga (yoga of action or devoted to God).
The bhakti (“devotion” directed towards Krishna as a person).
“Yoga Sutra” of Patanjali
The thinker Patanjali represented as a Hindu deity (incarnation of the serpent Adi Shesha , another aspect of Sankarshana ).
Main article: Yoga sūtra
In the Yoga Sutra , Patanjali defines yoga with the following aphorism:
योग: चित्त – वृत्ति निरोध:
(yogah chitta-vritti-nirodhah)
- Yoga Sutra 1.2
being chitta ‘consciousness’, vritti ‘fluctuations, movements’ and nirodha ‘restriction, suppression, control’. 8 The literal translation is thus: ‘Yoga is the restriction of the fluctuations of consciousness’. [ citation needed ]
Some other translations of this aphorism is:
Gardini : Yoga is the suppression of the modifications of the mind.
Kurma Dasa Raya : Yoga is the cessation of the fluctuations of the mind.
Purohit Swami : Yoga is control of the activities of the mind.
Satia Prakash : Yoga is the inhibition of mental functions.
Sivananda : Yoga is the suppression of mental turbulence.
Taimni : Yoga is the inhibition of the modifications of the mind.
Tola and Dragonetti : Yoga is the restriction of the processes of the mind.
Vishnu : Yoga is the suppression of mental activity.
Wood, Ernest E. : yoga is the control of ideas in the mind.
Hatha Yoga Pradipika
Main article: Hatha Yoga Pradipika
Famous Yogis
Main article: Notable Yogis
Some yoga scholars during the twentieth century in the West
Mircea Eliade , a historian of religions, a hallmark of Moldova .
Kumara Swami Ananda (Ananda Coomaraswamy) (1877-1947).
Paul Masson-Oursel (1882-1956).
Giuseppe Tucci (1894-1984).
Mircea Eliade (1907-1986).
Ramiro Calle (1943 -).
Quotations
According to ancient Hindu author Patanjali (possibly third century BC. ): “Yoga is the restriction of the fluctuations of consciousness” ( Yoga Sutra , Chapter Samadhi, 1.2).
According to the teacher Latvian Indra Devi (1899-2002): “Yoga is an art and a science of life.” Just his foundation called Art and Science of Life.
According to Ramiro Street (in The Book of yogas , 1998): “Yoga proposes overcoming ignorance metaphysics through a praxis , a method that leads to discharge wisdom discriminative, ie, to refine and purify the judgment. ”
Yoga ( Devanagari योग, trl. yoga called Yoga) – one of the six orthodox (ie, recognizing the authority of the Sun ) systems of Indian philosophy and a set of spiritual disciplines. Recognizes the law of karma ( karma ) and wheel lifetimes (reincarnation, samsara ) from which liberation is made by the appropriate body workout, ethical principles, concentration, meditation and asceticism . Yoga deals with the relationships between body, mind , consciousness and spirit. Has been adapted by some branches of Hinduism , Buddhism , Jainism , is also important in the practice of tantric and others in order to remove the nuisance, spiritual development, identify the nature of reality [1] [2] . In the Western world as a set of commonly accepted physical and mental exercises, grown mainly for health.
Table of Contents [ hide ]
1 Definition
1.1 Etymology
1.2 Paths of Yoga
1.3 Yoga in the western world współczesnyn
2 The inclusion of historical
2.1 Historical Periods
2.2 Key messages stationery
2.2.1 The Upanishads
2.2.2 Yoga Sutra
2.2.3 The Bhagavad Gita
2.2.4 Hathajogapradipika
3 Selected jogowscy guru
3.1 Classical Yogis and their works
3.2 The modern guru
3.3 The modern guru hathajogi
4 Notes
5 Bibliography
6 External links
Definition
For thousands of years, there were many types (schools, tracks) Yoga permeating the whole culture of India and beyond, hence there is no single definition of Yoga [1] . In one of the fundamental tracts of classical yoga jogasutrach , Patanjali (III century) briefly defines yoga in the first chapter in the second and third sutra:
jogaś cittavṛttinirodhaḥ – (“Yoga is the restraint of phenomena of consciousness”). Tada draṣṭuḥ svarupa ‘vasthānam – (“Then the viewer is kept in its proper nature”) [3] .
Radically different approach in presenting Yogi Svatmarama , based on the treaty Hathajogapradipika of XV in [4] . This focuses on szatkarmie , cleansing the physical body, leading to the purification of mind [5] . In comparison with the sitting position and the meditation of Patanjali, is the essence of asanas and pranayama , which is today, outside of India, is more associated with the word yoga .
However, all paths of yoga lead to one. The results of the practice, at the end of the road, gets kaiwalję , absolute freedom, the state of unconditional existence [6] .
Etymology
The Sanskrit word yoga has many meanings, and morpheme comes from the Sanskrit “yuj” or “control”, “yoke” and “union”, “union”, “connection”, “unity”. Translations to “connect”, “target”, “focus”, “focus”. It is also possible that the word yoga is derived from “samadhau yujir”, meaning “contemplation” or “absorption”. Someone who practices yoga or adheres to the philosophy of yoga is a yogi , or yogis [7] [8] .
Paths of Yoga
Main article: List of types of yoga .
Depending on the tradition, temperament, aptitudes, inclinations, the yogi on the path to liberation is following the path of an individual [9] [1] [2] . Examples of tracks of great traditions:
Bhaktijoga – seeking to develop a loving relationship with God in the form of Bhagavan
Dźńanajoga – the pursuit of moksha (liberation from reincarnation) through the acquisition of spiritual knowledge
Hathajoga – physical exercises such as asana , breathing and other
Karmajoga – the pursuit of liberation through selfless deeds
Kundalinijoga ( Lajajoga ) – striving for the liberation of energy by the awakening of Kundalini [10] .
Mantrajoga – to achieve moksha by reciting mantras, [10]
Radżajoga – royal yoga
Krijajoga – a variety of yoga known since antiquity, propagated among others by Paramahansa Yogananda [11]
Adźapajoga – a variety of yoga known since ancient times, nowadays propagated by Guru Paramahansa Purnanandę .
Yoga in the western world współczesnyn
Yoga Classes
In times of globalization, yoga in its various forms, penetrated to the western world. From colored religiously (eg Vajrayana ), by transcendental meditation , krijajogę Art of Living [12] , hathajogę (eg, at the rates BKS Iyengar ) yoga in medicine and fitness.
The inclusion of historical
Historical periods
Pre-classical yoga – a period of time przedklasyczny accompanying the formation of the early Upanishads .
Classical Yoga – is one of the major systems of Indian philosophy .
Yoga epic – the period epic in the years 500 BC – 200 AD [ citation needed ]
Post-classical yoga – in the period following the codified jogadarśany formation was the creation of swamis and sadhus who have fully used and popularized techniques of yoga. Also gained in importance alternative variety of meditative traditions, such as kundalinijoga and bhaktijoga .
Key messages stationery
The knowledge of yoga in direct communications, as a secret knowledge, there are thousands of years. The oldest written sources appears in the Vedas (c. 1000 BC) and with the development of literature in the following centuries [1] [2] .
The Upanishads
Among the Upanishads , jogaupaniszady ( Devanagari उपनिषद्, trl. Upanishad, called the Upanishads), belong to the Vedic revelation ( sruti ), resulting mostly in August – the third century BC century, contain 20 Upanishads of yoga [13] .
10th When the five senses of knowledge,
And with them, the mind stops
and mind no longer works,
To say that this is the best way.
11th This route is considered yoga
to stop Fixed the senses,
then it becomes undistracted,
this yoga truly is the beginning and the end [14] .
Yoga Sutra
Classical Yoga explained in Jogasutrach ( Devanagari योगसूत्र, trl. Yogasūtra, called Yoga Sutras), is the science of liberation. Does not deal with philosophical problems, but points the way to perfection. Therefore, the philosophical basis for the classical yoga gives sankhja [15] . In classical yoga practice interwoven multiple threads, but they all lead to one. In Jogasutrach two are particularly clear: learning and stopping [16] :
Eightfold Yoga
External cognition :
First fivefold moral and ethical precepts ( yama ): 1 nonviolence ( ahimsa ), 2 Truth ( satya ), 3 niekradzenie ( Asteya ), 4 restraint ( brahmacarya ), 5 undesirably another’s good ( aparigraha ).
Second fivefold rules of conduct ( niyama ): 1 purity ( sauce ), 2 satisfaction ( Santos ), 3 diligent effort ( tapas ), 4 study of the Vedas Svadhyaya ), 5 focus on God ( iśvarapranidhana ).
Third postures ( asanas ). Not necessarily be a lotus position, the point is that the body is not disturbed.
Internal knowledge :
4th Rhythmic breath control ( pranayama ). Breath is linked to Prana, but Pranayama is not breathing exercise, but the goal is restraint of the mind – prana.
5th restraint of the senses ( pratyahara ). You have to cut contact with the world of the senses.
6th concentration ( dharana ), Deeper is gaining the attention, being associated phenomena such as heart
spiritual knowledge :
7th meditation ( dhyana )
8th combination of lower and higher self – concentration ( samadhi ).
Yoga from the curb
5 activity of mind, which should restrain
First right knowledge ( Pramana ), 2 erroneous cognition ( viparyaya ), 3 fantasy ( vikalpa ), 4 deep sleep ( nidra ), 5 reminder ( smryti ).
ways to curb umusłu
First strong and continuing study and practice ( abhyasa ), 2 No earthly desire ( vairagya ), through which the mind is devoid of any support, on which he could not resist.
praktuki that soothe the mind
First focus on God ( isvarapranidhana ), 2 breath control ( pranayama ), 3 love ( Maitri ), 4 compassion ( karuna ), 5 satisfaction ( Mudita ), 6 nonattachment ( upeksa ).
Other threads talk about the course of practice:
Practice Direction [17]
Beginning Yoga, known generally krijajogą (not to be confused with the path: krijajoga ) is: 1 diligent effort ( tapas ), 2 studying the Vedas ( Svadhyaya ), 3 focus on God ( iśvarapranidhana ).
Grading of severity [18]
exercises with the knowledge ( samprajnatasamadhi ) – 4 degrees of flooding: 1 with a predominance of speculation ( vitarka ), 2 thinking disappears, and his place is taken by considering ( vicara ), 3 there is no longer thinking and practicing masters bliss ( ananda ), 4 there is only pure consciousness ‘I am’
Exercise without consciousness ( asamprajnatasamadhi )
brings liberation.
Bhagavad Gita
The Bhagavad Gita ( Sanskrit भगवद्गीता, trl. Bhagavadgītā , trans. Song of the Lord ) A work of epic period (500 BC – 200 AD), part of the epic poem Mahabharata , connects the main currents of yoga:
Karmajoga : Yoga of action
Bhaktijoga : Yoga of devotion
Dźńanajoga : yoga of knowledge
Is the canonical text of yoga in Hinduism [19] .
19th Like a flame in windless place does not waver,
This is the Yogi, what yoga cultivates the mind dominated (…).
22nd What they have achieved does not think that it can be larger prey,
the perpetuated even in the most severe pain do not collapse,
23rd This detachment from the suffering yoga is called,
let him know about it! [20]
One of the most important treaties of jogowskich ), Which the author Swatmaramy refers to the transfer of many yogis, is dedicated entirely to hatajodze. Is a collection of nearly 400 couplets, which formulates rules hatajogi practice. Recommendations of the way home, behavior, diet, and practice: postures ( asana ), breathing exercises ( pranayama ) and sophisticated methods of purification ( Shodhana ) [21] .
Selected jogowscy guru
Yogis and their classical works
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (2005)
Patanjali – Yoga Sutra
Vyasa (c. VI in AD ) – Jogabhaszja
Waćaspati Misra ( ninth in AD ) – “Tattwawajsiaradi” (“experienced in the truth”)
Bhodża ( XI in AD ) – “Radźamartanda” (“Royal Sun”)
Widźńanabhikszu – the author of numerous comments to the Sanskrit works of moving on Yoga
With the masculine noun Sanskrit Yoga ( Devanagari : योग in Italian adapted in yoga ) in the terminology of religions originating in India will show the ascetic and meditative practices [2] .
This Sanskrit word with similar meaning, is then used within the Buddhist and Jain .
As a term related to Darshana , Yoga-Darsana (doctrine of Yoga ) represents one of the six Darshana , or one of the “orthodox systems of religious philosophy” Hindu .
Index [ Hide ]
1 Origin and meaning of the term
2 The doctrine of Yoga in the Upanishads
3 The doctrine of yoga in Yogasutra of Patañjali
3.1 The eight limbs of Yoga
3.2 Yama
3.3 Niyama
3.4 Asana
3.5 Pranayama
3.6 Pratyahara
3.7 Dharana
3.8 Dhyana
3.9 Samadhi
4 The Indian physiology
5 Some types of classical Yoga
6 Other types of Yoga
7 Some classic texts
8 Notes
9 Bibliography
10 See also
11 Other projects
12 External links
Origin and meaning of the term
The term yoga is found already in the oldest of the Vedas , the Rigveda , with the meaning of “uniting”, “attack”, “bridle”.
Other similar terms are Sanskrit yuj (verb) to mean “unite” or “bind”, “yoking” yuj (adjective) “yoked”, “joined”, “pulled by” Yuga (noun) or the yoke which is fixed on the necks of oxen to plow attack.
Mircea Eliade (1907-1986) [3] refers to the root yuj to mean “unite”, from which also Latin iungere and iugum .
Ananda Coomaraswamy (1877-1947) recalls in this context the passage of the Rigveda , which informs the man must:
” yoking himself as a horse willing to obey ”
( Rigveda V, 46.1 cited. Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy in. Hinduism and Buddhism . Milan, Rusconi, 1973, p. 76 )
Hence the meaning, back to yoga as a meditative technique which has the purpose or ascetic ‘s “mystical union” with the ultimate Reality, and aimed to “yoke”, “control”, “govern” the ” meaning “( indriya ) and lived by consciousness ( buddhi ).
In his religious and philosophical religious sense, the term Sanskrit yoga is so made in other Asian languages:
in Chinese瑜伽yúqié , Yujia ;
in Japaneseヨーガyoga ;
in Korean 유가 yuga ;
in Vietnamese du already ;
in Tibetan sbyor ba .
The doctrine of Yoga in the Upanishads
If, then, in the Vedas , especially in the Rigveda , terms related to the term yoga has the task of suggesting to the men of “curb” their thoughts and feelings to dedicate their talent to the religious and spiritual activities [4] in the later Upanishads Vedic period that begins to have more precise and technical meanings.
Thus, for example the Katha Upanisad (connected to the Krishna Yajurveda ):
” The wise, thanks to yoga equipment ( yoga Adhyatma ), having contemplated the divinity difficult to perceive, by penetrating the mystery instilled in primordial leaves every pleasure and all pain. ”
( Katha Upanishad II, 12 )
While still later Maitri Upanishad or ( Maitrāyaṇīa Upanishads attached to Krishna Yajurveda ) goes further descriptive appearance [5] :
” It also says elsewhere: ‘He who has absorbed the senses as in a deep sleep, sees through the purest thoughts ( śuddhitamayā dhiyā ), as in a dream in the cave of the senses, but not subject to their power, [l ' intimate motive] called om , which has the light as a form, which is free from sleep, old age, death, pain. He himself called om , he also becomes the inner motive, free sleep from old age, death, pain ‘. So says [the Sruti ]: ‘For the fact that he unifies ( ekadhā yunakti : join) the prana and all ‘ om all [the multiple], and [because they] are joined ( yuñjate ), this is referred to [ act] conjunction ( yoga ) supreme ‘. The units of prana and mind and the senses, and the waiver of all conditions [of existence], here is what is considered as a union ( yoga ) ”
( Maitri Upanishad VI, 25. Translation of Pius Filippani Ronconi in the ancient Upanishads and medium . Torino, Heinemann, 2007, pag.408 )
Such a step is that contained in Svetasvatara Upanishads , the I: 3, where Yoga is placed in relation to Shakti , the divine power immanent, ie the ability of God to create, alter and destroy the elements of the cosmos and the cosmos itself .
The teaching of yoga in Yogasutra of Patanjali
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Yoga refers to a set of techniques that allow the joining of body, mind and soul with God (or Paramatma ), the union between Jivatma (personal energy) and Paramatma (universal energy). One who follows and practices the path of Yoga is called a yogi or yogin (women are called yogini ).
The first great Indian system and describes the techniques of Yoga is the Yoga Sutras (Aphorisms on Yoga), written by Patanjali , which contains 185 aphorisms. The studies identified traditional Indian grammarian Patanjali with the same name lived in the third century BC , but modern philological studies have postdated the preparation work for a time presumably early.
The spread of practices dating back to that tradition in the West, which occurred between the nineteenth and twenty-first century, such as meditation ( dhyana ), exercises, breath control ( pranayama ) or asanas (the famous “positions” with which Yoga is commonly identified toto), failed almost always the other layers, and in particular the first two initial and fundamental for this. This is due to the fact that in Western society the relationship with Yoga has never been closely related to religion (in particular, then the union of soul with Isvara , the Lord), but has always been understood as a discipline that aims to simple psychophysical harmony of man and the achievement of a general state of ” wellness “.
The eight limbs of Yoga
To learn more, see the entry Raja Yoga .
Patanjali’s eight limbs indicates the practitioner (such as the limbs or body parts) of Yoga, eight ways to reach union with the Paramatma. When picking any one leg of a table, the entire table moves.
Yama
Deepening
The ethical and moral laws exhibited by the name of Yama precepts are universal, not relative to time, place, status and circumstances. Together they form the great law of life . In fact, they are also present in ‘ Catholic ethics , in the books of Proverbs , the Wisdom of Ecclesiastes in the Hebrew canon and the Gospel .
With Yama means “universal moral commandments”, or abstentions . There are five “brake” that underpin the ethics of Yoga:
Ahimsa : non-violence , refrain from inflicting any harm to any living being, whether physical, psychological, etc..;
Satya : truth, adherence to truth, honesty (especially yourself);
Asteya : honesty, abstention from greed, liberation from greed;
Brahmacharya : chastity (understood primarily as moral purity and sentimental);
Aparigraha : detachment, nonattachment, abstaining from the lust of possession.
Niyama
With Niyama means rules dell’autopurificazione .
Saucha : cleanliness, physical health, purity;
Santosa : contentment, happiness of mind, contentment;
Tapas : ardor, fervor in the work, longing for spiritual evolution;
Svadhyaya : study of the self, soul searching;
Ishvara Pranidhana : surrender to the Godhead , the surrender to the Lord of all our actions.
Asana
To learn more, see the entry Asana .
The asanas (in Sanskrit आसन) have positions or postures used in some forms of yoga, in particular in Hatha Yoga . The function of asana is directly related to the physiology of India, based on the subtle system . Under that system, by assuming different positions of the body, the practitioner becomes able to cleanse the energy channels ( nadis ), channeling the energy into specific points on the body and thus obtain a significant benefit psycho-physical.
Asanas are several thousand known, each of them bears a name derived from nature (especially animals), or from Hindu mythology.
Pranayama
To learn more, see the entry Pranayama .
The Pranayama (literally means control of the pranic currents – Prana + yama) is the fourth stage of yoga, according to the Yogasutra of Patanjali . Along with Pratyahara (withdrawal of mind from sense objects), these two states of Yoga are known as the inner quests (Antaranga sadhana) and teach how to control the prana through breathing and mind as a way to free the senses from slavery objects of desire. The word Pranayama consists of Prana (breath, breath, life, energy, force) and Ayama (length, control, expansion). Its meaning thus indicates the control of prana (vital energy) through breathing.
Pratyahara
For Pratyahara means the emancipation of the mind , its withdrawal from the objects of the senses. The retraction is achieved by detaching the senses from the external environment by directing attention inward as well as the tortoise withdraws his limbs and head into the carapace. The chanting of a mantra and practice techniques that lead to the NYM have been Pratyahara.
Dharana
The term Dharana means the capacity of concentration , becoming one with what you are doing, with an external object or internal. Prerequisite for the next steps.
Dhyana
To learn more, see the entry Dhyana .
Dhyāna term is a Sanskrit word that literally means meditation . The transliteration of the word Dhyana in the Eastern philosophies derive the terms Chan in China and Zen in Japanese .
Samadhi
To learn more, see the entry Samadhi .
For Samadhi is a state of higher consciousness: is union with Paramatma , the union of the meditator with the object meditated upon, the union of the individual soul with the Universal Soul. You can identify a state of being balanced, achieving wellness total, through a path that leads to a state of profound realization.
The Indian physiology
To learn more, see the entries Chakra , Nadi and the Kundalini .
The techniques taught by yoga are based on the physiology of India according to which the human body is crossed by energy channels, the nadis , which flows into the prana , the universal energy. The nadis are over 40,000 (perhaps 72,000) and radiate throughout the energy body of the universe, the three most important channels are ida , pingala and sushuma flowing around the spine in a few crossing points.
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